Wider tires are better than narrower ones Part II
04-03-05, 04:23 PM
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Wider tires are better than narrower ones Part II
Some thoughts from Mark Ortiz that go along with the 17" vs 18" with racing in mind thread that discussed why wider tires offer more grip than narrower ones.
This article is from Racecar Engineering but can also be viewed in entirety here.
From Mark Ortiz:
WHY ARE WIDE TIRES BETTER?
It has been recognized for about 40 years now that wide tires provide more grip, at least when we are not limited by aquaplaning. One might suppose that this effect would be be well understood by now, on a theoretical level as well as a practical one. Yet the matter seems to be receiving a lot of attention from various authors lately. This seems to be due in part to the need for mathematical tire models to be used in computer simulation. I have encountered the question at least twice in the past month, once in a seminar presented by Paul Haney, based on his recent book about tires, and once in Paul Van Valkenburgh’s November Racecar Engineering column. The issue has also come up in my work as an advisor to the UNC Charlotte Formula SAE team.
On the face of it, one might wonder why there is any controversy about this, and also why it took people until the 1960’s to try wide tires. More tire, more rubber on the road. More rubber on the road, more traction – right? Why wouldn’t this be obvious?
Essentially, there are two reasons it wasn’t obvious. First, according to Coulomb’s law for dry sliding friction, friction is independent of apparent contact area. It depends instead on the nature of the substances in contact, the normal (perpendicular) force, and nothing else. Second, a tire’s contact patch area theoretically doesn’t vary with its width anyway. If we widen the tread, the contact patch just gets shorter, and the area theoretically stays the same.
Let’s consider each of these notions. Coulomb’s law applies quite accurately to hard, dry, clean, smooth surfaces. However, a tire tread is a soft, tough, sometimes tacky substance in contact with a hard, rough surface. When two hard, smooth surfaces are in contact, they actually touch only at a small percentage of their apparent or macroscopic contact area. Friction depends on molecular bonding in the small microscopic contact zones. As normal force increases, the microscopic contact area increases approximately proportionally, and consequently friction is directly proportional to normal force.
With rubber on pavement, however, there is not only the usual molecular bonding but also mechanical interlock between the asperities (high points) of the pavement and the compliant rubber. Sliding then involves a combination of shearing the rubber apart and dragging the asperities through it as the rubber reluctantly oozes around the asperities. The interface somewhat resembles a pair of meshing gears. With gears, when we increase the size and number of teeth in mesh, we increase the force required to shear off the teeth. It would be reasonable to expect a similar effect with the interlock between the tread and the pavement.
With increasing normal force, this interlock gets deeper, as the asperities are pushed further into the rubber. However, we might reasonably expect that at least beyond a certain point, the asperities are pushed into the rubber to pretty nearly their full depth, and further increase in normal force does not proportionately increase the mechanical interlock. With greater macroscopic contact area, it should take a greater normal force to reach this region of diminishing return.
A tire typically does show characteristics that would match this hypothesis. It will often have a range of loadings where its coefficient of friction is almost constant; where friction force is almost directly proportional to normal force. Above this range, the tire exhibits much greater load sensitivity of the coefficient of friction. The curve of friction force as a function of normal force goes up almost as a straight line for a ways, then begins to droop at an increasing rate.
Of course, the contact patch does not remain the same macroscopic size as load increases. It grows as we add load. Nevertheless, this contact patch growth is evidently not enough to keep the coefficient of friction constant.
The contact patch growth is interesting in itself, and a bit counter-intuitive. A tire can be considered a flexible bladder, inflated to some known pressure, and supporting a load. If such a bladder is extremely limp when uninflated, like a toy balloon, and we inflate it, place it on a smooth, flat surface, and press down on it with a known force, the area of contact with the surface is equal to the normal force divided by the pressure: A = Fn/P.
If a tire approximates this behavior, then it follows that the contact patch area depends only on the
load or normal force and the inflation pressure. If we make the tire wider, then at any given load and pressure the contact patch doesn’t get bigger, it just gets wider and shorter.
Accordingly, much discussion of the reasons a wide tire gives an advantage focuses on reasons we might expect a wider tire to yield greater lateral force than a narrower one, assuming similar construction and identical pressure, tread compound, and load.
One theory, advanced by the late Chuck Hallum and evidently picked up by Paul Van Valkenburgh in his recent column, is that a tire is primarily limited by thermodynamics. It generates drag when running at a slip angle. The drag times the speed equals a power consumption, or rate of energy flow. This energy is converted into heat. For the system to be in equilibrium, the heat must be dissipated as fast as it is generated. Even short of the point of true equilibrium, the tread compound needs to be kept below a temperature where it softens to the point of being greasy rather than tacky. If the contact patch is shorter, that means that each square inch of tread surface spends less time getting heated and more time getting cooled.
Also, when a tire is operating near its lateral force limit, the front portion of the contact patch is “stuck” to the road and the rear portion is a “slip zone” in which the tread moves across the pavement in a series of slip-and-grip cycles. The slip zone grows as we approach the point of breakaway. Beyond the point of breakaway, the entire contact patch is slip zone. The slip zone generates less force and more heat than the adhering zone. A shorter, wider contact patch is thought to have a larger adhering zone and a smaller slip zone at a given slip angle, and wider tires are also known to reach peak force at smaller slip angles. Therefore, a wider tire is not only better able to manage heat, but also generates less heat at a given lateral force.
This all makes sense, but it fails to explain why wide tires give more grip even when stone cold.
There is little doubt that they do. If you have a street car with four identical tires, and you replace the rear tires and wheels with ones an inch wider, using the same make and model of tire, with no other changes, the handling balance will shift markedly toward understeer. You will see this effect at all times, from the first turn in a journey to the last. Surely this effect is not coming from heat management.
Paul Haney explains this by the larger-adhering-zone theory described above. The tire makes more efficient use of its contact patch, even if the contact patch isn’t larger.
As much sense as the above theories make, they ignore some real-world effects that have a bearing on the situation.
First of all, the degree to which tires follow the A = Fn/P rule varies considerably. A very flexible tire, at moderate load, may have a contact patch as large as 97% of theoretical. A fairly stiff tire may be well below 80%. We are all aware of run-flat tires currently being sold, which will hold up a Corvette with no inflation pressure at all. As P approaches zero, Fn/P approaches infinity. If A does not approach infinity, and the tire does not go flat, the contact patch area as a percentage of theoretically predicted area approaches zero.
One might suppose that the effect of carcass stiffness would be significant mainly in street tires, with run-flats being an unrepresentative extreme. Yet I have seen dramatic differences in carcass rigidity in different makes of racing tires intended for the same application. The Formula SAE car run by the University of North Carolina Charlotte uses 10” wheels. Hoosier and Goodyear both make 6” nominal-width tires for the application. The stiffnesses of these tires differ dramatically. The Hoosiers are much more flexible than the Goodyears. The Goodyears are so stiff that they will support the front of the car (without driver), with little visible deflection, when completely deflated – run-flat racing tires! How closely do these tires approximate A = Fn/P in this load range? Not very closely at all.
My point here is that tire stiffness, vertically, laterally, and otherwise, is not purely a function of inflation pressure, so it is a bit risky to try to infer contact patch size from pressure and load. Therefore, we don’t necessarily know that two tires differing only in width do have the same contact patch area at the same inflation pressure and load, or even that tires of the same size do.
Anyway, if it is approximately true that A = Fn/P, it follows that a wide tire will have greater vertical stiffness, or tire spring rate, than a narrow one, at any given inflation pressure. It will also have a smaller static deflection at a given load, which is why the contact patch is shorter. The flip side of this is that for a given static deflection or tire spring rate, a wide tire needs a lower inflation pressure. Consequently, if we compare wide and narrow tires at similar static deflection or tire spring rate, rather than similar pressure, they will have similar-length contact patches and the wider one really will have more rubber on the road, just as we would intuitively suppose from looking at them.
As we make a tire wider, not only does vertical stiffness increase for a given inflation pressure, so does the tension in the carcass due to inflation pressure. A tire is a form of pressure vessel. We may think of it as a roughly cylindrical tank, bent into a circle to form a donut or torus. Borrowing from the terminology of pressure vessel design, we may speak of the “hoop stress” in the walls: the tensile stress analogous to the load on a barrel hoop. For a given inflation pressure, the hoop stress is directly proportional to the cross-sectional circumference, or mean cross-sectional diameter. When the carcass is under a higher preload, the tire acts stiffer laterally. This effect can easily be seen in bicycle tires. A fat bicycle tire will feel harder to the thumb than a skinny one, at any given pressure. If we try to inflate a mountain bike tire to the pressure we’d use in a narrow road racing tire, the tire will expand its bead off the rim and blow out. So when we compare narrow and wide tires at equal inflation pressures, the wider one will be stiffer laterally as well as vertically, and it will achieve this at no penalty in contact patch size.
Finally, there is the question of tread wear. As we have noted, if the contact patch is longer, it has a larger slipping zone near the limit of adhesion, and it also spends a greater portion of each revolution in contact with the road. Not only do these factors influence how hot the tire runs, they also influence how fast it wears. Therefore, assuming good camber control, a wide tire should last longer than a narrow one, with similar tread compound. The astute reader will see where I’m headed with this. If we need to run a given number of laps or miles on a set of tires, then with wider tires we can trade away some of the inherent longevity advantage, and run a softer compound.
Okay, summing up, what does a wider tire get us?
1. It runs cooler, and/or
2. it makes more efficient use of its contact patch by having a greater percentage adhering, and/or
3. it can run at lower inflation pressure and therefore actually have a larger contact patch, and/or
4. it can have greater lateral stiffness at a given pressure and therefore keep its tread planted better, and/or
5. it can use a softer, stickier, faster-wearing compound without penalty in longevity.
Note that most of these effects in turn play off against each other. We can blend and balance them, and get a tire that is somewhat cooler-running, has a somewhat lower operating pressure and somewhat larger contact patch, has somewhat greater lateral stiffness, and survives long enough with a somewhat stickier compound, all at the same time. That would explain an improvement in grip, wouldn’t it?
Many of Mark Ortiz's articles can be found here:
Chassis and Suspension Tech Articles! A wealth of knowledge is featured in this UBB forum! Features many chassis topics from Mark Ortiz along with Brian Beckman's Physics of Racing series of articles. When you get serious, this is the place to read up.
This article is from Racecar Engineering but can also be viewed in entirety here.
From Mark Ortiz:
WHY ARE WIDE TIRES BETTER?
It has been recognized for about 40 years now that wide tires provide more grip, at least when we are not limited by aquaplaning. One might suppose that this effect would be be well understood by now, on a theoretical level as well as a practical one. Yet the matter seems to be receiving a lot of attention from various authors lately. This seems to be due in part to the need for mathematical tire models to be used in computer simulation. I have encountered the question at least twice in the past month, once in a seminar presented by Paul Haney, based on his recent book about tires, and once in Paul Van Valkenburgh’s November Racecar Engineering column. The issue has also come up in my work as an advisor to the UNC Charlotte Formula SAE team.
On the face of it, one might wonder why there is any controversy about this, and also why it took people until the 1960’s to try wide tires. More tire, more rubber on the road. More rubber on the road, more traction – right? Why wouldn’t this be obvious?
Essentially, there are two reasons it wasn’t obvious. First, according to Coulomb’s law for dry sliding friction, friction is independent of apparent contact area. It depends instead on the nature of the substances in contact, the normal (perpendicular) force, and nothing else. Second, a tire’s contact patch area theoretically doesn’t vary with its width anyway. If we widen the tread, the contact patch just gets shorter, and the area theoretically stays the same.
Let’s consider each of these notions. Coulomb’s law applies quite accurately to hard, dry, clean, smooth surfaces. However, a tire tread is a soft, tough, sometimes tacky substance in contact with a hard, rough surface. When two hard, smooth surfaces are in contact, they actually touch only at a small percentage of their apparent or macroscopic contact area. Friction depends on molecular bonding in the small microscopic contact zones. As normal force increases, the microscopic contact area increases approximately proportionally, and consequently friction is directly proportional to normal force.
With rubber on pavement, however, there is not only the usual molecular bonding but also mechanical interlock between the asperities (high points) of the pavement and the compliant rubber. Sliding then involves a combination of shearing the rubber apart and dragging the asperities through it as the rubber reluctantly oozes around the asperities. The interface somewhat resembles a pair of meshing gears. With gears, when we increase the size and number of teeth in mesh, we increase the force required to shear off the teeth. It would be reasonable to expect a similar effect with the interlock between the tread and the pavement.
With increasing normal force, this interlock gets deeper, as the asperities are pushed further into the rubber. However, we might reasonably expect that at least beyond a certain point, the asperities are pushed into the rubber to pretty nearly their full depth, and further increase in normal force does not proportionately increase the mechanical interlock. With greater macroscopic contact area, it should take a greater normal force to reach this region of diminishing return.
A tire typically does show characteristics that would match this hypothesis. It will often have a range of loadings where its coefficient of friction is almost constant; where friction force is almost directly proportional to normal force. Above this range, the tire exhibits much greater load sensitivity of the coefficient of friction. The curve of friction force as a function of normal force goes up almost as a straight line for a ways, then begins to droop at an increasing rate.
Of course, the contact patch does not remain the same macroscopic size as load increases. It grows as we add load. Nevertheless, this contact patch growth is evidently not enough to keep the coefficient of friction constant.
The contact patch growth is interesting in itself, and a bit counter-intuitive. A tire can be considered a flexible bladder, inflated to some known pressure, and supporting a load. If such a bladder is extremely limp when uninflated, like a toy balloon, and we inflate it, place it on a smooth, flat surface, and press down on it with a known force, the area of contact with the surface is equal to the normal force divided by the pressure: A = Fn/P.
If a tire approximates this behavior, then it follows that the contact patch area depends only on the
load or normal force and the inflation pressure. If we make the tire wider, then at any given load and pressure the contact patch doesn’t get bigger, it just gets wider and shorter.
Accordingly, much discussion of the reasons a wide tire gives an advantage focuses on reasons we might expect a wider tire to yield greater lateral force than a narrower one, assuming similar construction and identical pressure, tread compound, and load.
One theory, advanced by the late Chuck Hallum and evidently picked up by Paul Van Valkenburgh in his recent column, is that a tire is primarily limited by thermodynamics. It generates drag when running at a slip angle. The drag times the speed equals a power consumption, or rate of energy flow. This energy is converted into heat. For the system to be in equilibrium, the heat must be dissipated as fast as it is generated. Even short of the point of true equilibrium, the tread compound needs to be kept below a temperature where it softens to the point of being greasy rather than tacky. If the contact patch is shorter, that means that each square inch of tread surface spends less time getting heated and more time getting cooled.
Also, when a tire is operating near its lateral force limit, the front portion of the contact patch is “stuck” to the road and the rear portion is a “slip zone” in which the tread moves across the pavement in a series of slip-and-grip cycles. The slip zone grows as we approach the point of breakaway. Beyond the point of breakaway, the entire contact patch is slip zone. The slip zone generates less force and more heat than the adhering zone. A shorter, wider contact patch is thought to have a larger adhering zone and a smaller slip zone at a given slip angle, and wider tires are also known to reach peak force at smaller slip angles. Therefore, a wider tire is not only better able to manage heat, but also generates less heat at a given lateral force.
This all makes sense, but it fails to explain why wide tires give more grip even when stone cold.
There is little doubt that they do. If you have a street car with four identical tires, and you replace the rear tires and wheels with ones an inch wider, using the same make and model of tire, with no other changes, the handling balance will shift markedly toward understeer. You will see this effect at all times, from the first turn in a journey to the last. Surely this effect is not coming from heat management.
Paul Haney explains this by the larger-adhering-zone theory described above. The tire makes more efficient use of its contact patch, even if the contact patch isn’t larger.
As much sense as the above theories make, they ignore some real-world effects that have a bearing on the situation.
First of all, the degree to which tires follow the A = Fn/P rule varies considerably. A very flexible tire, at moderate load, may have a contact patch as large as 97% of theoretical. A fairly stiff tire may be well below 80%. We are all aware of run-flat tires currently being sold, which will hold up a Corvette with no inflation pressure at all. As P approaches zero, Fn/P approaches infinity. If A does not approach infinity, and the tire does not go flat, the contact patch area as a percentage of theoretically predicted area approaches zero.
One might suppose that the effect of carcass stiffness would be significant mainly in street tires, with run-flats being an unrepresentative extreme. Yet I have seen dramatic differences in carcass rigidity in different makes of racing tires intended for the same application. The Formula SAE car run by the University of North Carolina Charlotte uses 10” wheels. Hoosier and Goodyear both make 6” nominal-width tires for the application. The stiffnesses of these tires differ dramatically. The Hoosiers are much more flexible than the Goodyears. The Goodyears are so stiff that they will support the front of the car (without driver), with little visible deflection, when completely deflated – run-flat racing tires! How closely do these tires approximate A = Fn/P in this load range? Not very closely at all.
My point here is that tire stiffness, vertically, laterally, and otherwise, is not purely a function of inflation pressure, so it is a bit risky to try to infer contact patch size from pressure and load. Therefore, we don’t necessarily know that two tires differing only in width do have the same contact patch area at the same inflation pressure and load, or even that tires of the same size do.
Anyway, if it is approximately true that A = Fn/P, it follows that a wide tire will have greater vertical stiffness, or tire spring rate, than a narrow one, at any given inflation pressure. It will also have a smaller static deflection at a given load, which is why the contact patch is shorter. The flip side of this is that for a given static deflection or tire spring rate, a wide tire needs a lower inflation pressure. Consequently, if we compare wide and narrow tires at similar static deflection or tire spring rate, rather than similar pressure, they will have similar-length contact patches and the wider one really will have more rubber on the road, just as we would intuitively suppose from looking at them.
As we make a tire wider, not only does vertical stiffness increase for a given inflation pressure, so does the tension in the carcass due to inflation pressure. A tire is a form of pressure vessel. We may think of it as a roughly cylindrical tank, bent into a circle to form a donut or torus. Borrowing from the terminology of pressure vessel design, we may speak of the “hoop stress” in the walls: the tensile stress analogous to the load on a barrel hoop. For a given inflation pressure, the hoop stress is directly proportional to the cross-sectional circumference, or mean cross-sectional diameter. When the carcass is under a higher preload, the tire acts stiffer laterally. This effect can easily be seen in bicycle tires. A fat bicycle tire will feel harder to the thumb than a skinny one, at any given pressure. If we try to inflate a mountain bike tire to the pressure we’d use in a narrow road racing tire, the tire will expand its bead off the rim and blow out. So when we compare narrow and wide tires at equal inflation pressures, the wider one will be stiffer laterally as well as vertically, and it will achieve this at no penalty in contact patch size.
Finally, there is the question of tread wear. As we have noted, if the contact patch is longer, it has a larger slipping zone near the limit of adhesion, and it also spends a greater portion of each revolution in contact with the road. Not only do these factors influence how hot the tire runs, they also influence how fast it wears. Therefore, assuming good camber control, a wide tire should last longer than a narrow one, with similar tread compound. The astute reader will see where I’m headed with this. If we need to run a given number of laps or miles on a set of tires, then with wider tires we can trade away some of the inherent longevity advantage, and run a softer compound.
Okay, summing up, what does a wider tire get us?
1. It runs cooler, and/or
2. it makes more efficient use of its contact patch by having a greater percentage adhering, and/or
3. it can run at lower inflation pressure and therefore actually have a larger contact patch, and/or
4. it can have greater lateral stiffness at a given pressure and therefore keep its tread planted better, and/or
5. it can use a softer, stickier, faster-wearing compound without penalty in longevity.
Note that most of these effects in turn play off against each other. We can blend and balance them, and get a tire that is somewhat cooler-running, has a somewhat lower operating pressure and somewhat larger contact patch, has somewhat greater lateral stiffness, and survives long enough with a somewhat stickier compound, all at the same time. That would explain an improvement in grip, wouldn’t it?
Many of Mark Ortiz's articles can be found here:
Chassis and Suspension Tech Articles! A wealth of knowledge is featured in this UBB forum! Features many chassis topics from Mark Ortiz along with Brian Beckman's Physics of Racing series of articles. When you get serious, this is the place to read up.
Last edited by DamonB; 04-03-05 at 09:16 PM.
04-03-05, 10:36 PM
#2
Mad Man
Yup, but do to compound limitations it is possible that an Ax'r will choose a nearrower ire if a soft enough compound is not available,(narrow/undersized tire build heat faster) also this all goes out the window for Rally cars. Now look who's talking
Yes, I am a hypocrit
Yes, I am a hypocrit
04-05-05, 01:40 PM
#5
Sometimes phenomenon are counter-intuitive, so it's worth exploring the "realities".... but for me, the only explanation I ever needed was that i've never heard of a racing regulation limiting how NARROW a tire you can run, but almost all of the limit how WIDE a tire you can run...
04-05-05, 08:48 PM
#7
Originally Posted by adam c
I find it interesting that someone would go to such great lengths to explain what is evident to anyone with any common sense. Anyone without common sense isn't going to understand the explanation anyway, so what's the point 
-Max
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04-06-05, 07:00 AM
#8
Lives on the Forum
Thread Starter
Originally Posted by adam c
I find it interesting that someone would go to such great lengths to explain what is evident to anyone with any common sense.
From Mark Ortiz:
"Also, when a tire is operating near its lateral force limit, the front portion of the contact patch is “stuck” to the road and the rear portion is a “slip zone” in which the tread moves across the pavement in a series of slip-and-grip cycles. The slip zone grows as we approach the point of breakaway. Beyond the point of breakaway, the entire contact patch is slip zone. The slip zone generates less force and more heat than the adhering zone. A shorter, wider contact patch is thought to have a larger adhering zone and a smaller slip zone at a given slip angle, and wider tires are also known to reach peak force at smaller slip angles. Therefore, a wider tire is not only better able to manage heat, but also generates less heat at a given lateral force. "
From Paul Haney:
"In the section on lateral tread deformation we showed that deformation builds up along the length of the contact patch until the restoring force of the tread and carcass exceeds tread grip and sliding begins. A shorter contact patch at the same slip angle begins to slip at roughly the same distance from the leading edge (of the contact patch) as with a longer contact patch. But the shorter contact patch has more of its length stuck to the road than the longer, narrower patch; and therefore a larger portion of its overall area is gripping. A larger portion of contact patch area gripping means more total grip. So for the same load and same slip angle, a wider contact patch generates more grip than a narrow contact patch."
Let's assume the contact patches of a narrow and wide tire are equal in area. Even if the area of the contact patches is the same in the wide vs narrow tire, the wide tire will still generate more grip because its contact patch does not have to distort as much as the tire rolls through a turn (slip angle) because the wide tire's contact patch is in fact short and wide vs tall and narrow. The tall, narrow patch MUST have much more distortion in it when an angle of slip is introduced (turning). The wide tire will also tend to run at lower temperature than the narrow one because each molecule of rubber will spend less time on the road and more time cooling in air as the tire rotates across the road surface. Since the wide tire is easier to cool it can run a softer tread compound without overheating.
The wide tire uses the properties of rubber friction to a much greater advantage than a narrow tire even if the contact patches of both tires are identical in size!
Last edited by DamonB; 04-06-05 at 07:02 AM.
04-06-05, 12:13 PM
#9
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did you guys read the article in RaceCarEngineering? one of the editors was writing about two previous articles that tried to explain this, and was able to say that both ways are correct, that in the end one was more of a mathematical way and the other a more physical, dynamic approach. I don't remember off the top of my head when the articles where writen, about 2-3 months ago, I'd guess. Either way they are a good read.
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04-07-05, 09:14 AM
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For a given tire diameter a wider tire does have a larger contact patch. The coefficient of friction for rubber is not constant. If you halve the load with double the contact patch you do not also have the coefficient of friction. If you did halve the coefficient of friction you would not gain any grip. The non-linear coefficient of friction for rubber means more to the tire's grip than slip angle, tire stiffness or contact patch shape.
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